fun factorial(0) = 1
  | factorial(n) = n * factorial(n-1);

fun multiply(a, 0) = 0
  | multiply(a, b) = a + multiply(a, b-1);

fun gcd(a, 0) = a
  | gcd(a, b) = gcd(b, a mod b);


datatype rational = Fraction of int * int;

fun add(Fraction(a, b), Fraction(c, d)) =
   let
       val numerator = a * d + c * b;
       val denominator = b * d;
       val divisor = gcd(numerator, denominator);
   in
      Fraction(numerator div divisor, denominator div divisor)
   end;


datatype wholeNumber = Zero | OnePlus of wholeNumber;

val five = OnePlus(OnePlus(OnePlus(OnePlus(OnePlus(Zero)))));

val six = OnePlus(five);

fun succ(num) = OnePlus(num);

fun asWholeNumber(0) = Zero
  | asWholeNumber(n) = OnePlus(asWholeNumber(n-1));

fun pred(OnePlus(num)) = num;



fun  plus(num, Zero) = num
  | plus(num1, OnePlus(num2)) = plus(OnePlus(num1), num2);




fun isLessThanOrEq(Zero, num) = true
  | isLessThanOrEq(num, Zero) = false
  | isLessThanOrEq(OnePlus(num1), OnePlus(num2)) =
       isLessThanOrEq(num1, num2);

(* isLessThan *)

fun isLessThan(num, Zero) = false
  | isLessThan(Zero, num) = true
  | isLessThan(OnePlus(num1), OnePlus(num2)) =
       isLessThan(num1, num2);

(* isEqual *)
fun isEqual(Zero, Zero) = true
  | isEqual(num1, num2) =
    if num1 = Zero orelse num2 = Zero then  false
    else isEqual(pred(num1), pred(num2));


fun minus(num, Zero) = num
  | minus(OnePlus(num1), OnePlus(num2)) = 
    minus(num1, num2);

fun asInt(Zero) = 0
  | asInt(OnePlus(num)) = 1 + asInt(num);


(* ex 6.1.(1 & 2) *)

fun isEven(Zero) = true
  | isEven(OnePlus(Zero)) = false
  | isEven(OnePlus(OnePlus(num))) = isEven(num);

fun isEven(Zero) = true
  | isEven(OnePlus(num)) = 
      not(isEven(num));


fun multiply(num, Zero) = Zero
  | multiply(Zero, num) = Zero
  | multiply(num1, OnePlus(Zero)) = num1
  | multiply(num1, OnePlus(num2)) =
     plus(num1, multiply(num1, num2));


fun multiply(num, Zero) = Zero
  | multiply(num1, OnePlus(num2)) =
     plus(num1, multiply(num1, num2));

datatype tree = Leaf of int | Internal of (int * tree * tree);

val t = Internal(5, Internal(2, Leaf(1), Leaf(8)),
                 Internal(6, Leaf(2), Internal(7, Leaf(3), Leaf(1))));

fun treeSum(Leaf(x)) = x
  | treeSum(Internal(x, left, right)) = 
      x + treeSum(left) + treeSum(right);

fun printTree(Leaf(x)) = Int.toString(x)
  | printTree(Internal(x, left, right)) =
       "(" ^ Int.toString(x) ^ ": " ^ printTree(left)
        ^ ", " ^ printTree(right) ^ ")";



(* exercises from 6.2 ... *)
fun nodes(Leaf(x)) = 1
  | nodes(Internal(x, left, right)) = 
    1 + nodes(left) + nodes(right);

fun leaves(Leaf(x)) = 1
  | leaves(Internal(x, left, right)) =
    leaves(left) + leaves(right);

fun internals(Leaf(x)) = 0
  | internals(Internal(x, left, right)) = 
    1 + internals(left) + internals(right);

fun contains(y, Leaf(x)) = x = y
  | contains(y, Internal(x, left, right)) =
    x=y orelse contains(y, left) orelse contains(y,right);

fun max(Leaf(x)) =x
  | max(Internal(x, left, right)) =
   let val lmax = max(left);
         val rmax = max(right);
         val lrmax = if lmax < rmax then rmax else lmax
   in
     if x < lrmax then lrmax else x
   end;


(* For Exercises 6.2.(6-8) *)
datatype tree = Leaf of int | Internal of (int * tree * tree);

(* For Exercises 6.2.(14-17) *)
datatype operation = Plus | Minus | Mul | Div;
datatype expression =  Internal of operation * expression * expression
      | Leaf of int;

fun printOper(Plus) = "+"
  | printOper(Minus) = "-"
  | printOper(Mul) = "*"
  | printOper(Div) = "/";